“Transforming Emergency Care: An In-Depth Review of the Latest Advances in Emergency Medications”
Main Article Content
Keywords
Emergency Medications, Telemedicine, Personalized Medicine
Abstract
The specialty of medicine that deals with primary diagnosis and immediate treatment of sudden illness and/or accidental injury is called emergency medicine (EM). EM is an extremely crucial and dynamic specialty of healthcare systems that treats the most critical patients brought to hospitals. It has been presented as the most significant field since its inception, and to date, it is still evolving and adapting to better cope with the changing needs of healthcare. The start of EM can be traced back to the mid-20th century when the need for special medical care grew in cases of emergency. During 1960-70, EM developed into a distinguished specialization for medical practitioners. The advancement and innovations in the field of medical technology have built the backbone for the evolution of modern EM that has led to various treatments for patients that are life-saving and risk-free for emergency patients. Emergency Medications are commonly classified as analgesics, antiarrhythmics, anticoagulants, antidotes, antihypertensives, antimicrobials, bronchodilators, vasopressors, and notropes. The Challenges in EM are due to the interactions between drugs and food. Another concern is to follow the Regulatory Issues and Guidelines set for EM. In ensuring the survivability and better health of patients, EM is vital for all emergency patients. The medical landscape is evolving with better resources, and thus EM needs to evolve according to the innovations and trends that are introduced in the field of medicine, such as nanotechnology, Telemedicine, Personalized Medicine, the use of AI, and remote monitoring.
References
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2. Caglar S, Henneman PL, Blank FS, Smithline HA, Takhar SS, Broach GW, et al. Emergency department medication lists are not accurate. J Emerg Med. 2011;40(6):613-6.
3. Fatovich DM. Recent developments: emergency medicine. BMJ. 2002;324(7343):958-62.
4. Cooper S, Barrett B, Black S, Evans C, Real C, Williams E, et al. The emerging role of the emergency care practitioner. Emerg Med J. 2004;21(5):614-9.
5. Handel D, Epstein S, Khare R, Abernethy W, Klauer K, Pilgrim R, et al. Interventions to improve the timeliness of emergency care. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(12):1295-302.
6. Amouh T, Gemo M, Macq B, Vanderdonckt J, Wauben L, Ellouze N, et al. Versatile clinical information system design for emergency departments. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2005;9(2):174-83.
7. Roman C, Edwards G, Dooley M, Mitra B. Roles of the emergency medicine pharmacist: a systematic review. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(11):796-806.
8. Pena ME, Wheatley MA, Suri P, McGrath J, Goyal M. The case for observation medicine education and training in emergency medicine. AEM Educ Train. 2020;4(S1):S100-5.
9. Bernstein SL, Stoney CM, Rothman RE. Dissemination and implementation research in emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;22(2):227-36.
10. Hutton J, Sher L, Walker K. The challenge of developing quality indicators across the increasing scope of emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2022;80(5):451-60.
11. Erlen J. [Review of] Divide and conquer: a comparative history of medical specialization, by George Weisz. Can J Hist. 2007;42(2):381-3.
12. Abu-Laban RB. The evolution of emergency medicine internationally. CJEM. 2020;22(4):442-5.
13. Suter RE. Emergency medicine in the United States: a systemic review. World J Emerg Med. 2012;3(1):5-10.
14. Ling LJ, Beeson MS. Milestones in emergency medicine. J Acute Med. 2012;2(3):77-9.
15. Arnold JL. International emergency medicine and the recent development of emergency medicine worldwide. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33(1):97-103.
16. Alagappan K, Holliman CJ. History of the development of international emergency medicine. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005;23(1):1-10.
17. Shah MN. The formation of the emergency medical services system. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(3):414-23.
18. The role of antimicrobials in the treatment of sepsis and critical illness-related bacterial infections: examination of the evidence. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2015;25(1):55-62.
19. Nag VL, Kaur N. Superinfections in COVID-19 patients: role of antimicrobials. Dubai Med J. 2021;4(2):71-6.
20. Mustafa T, Niazi MRK, Lakdawala Z, Siddiqui SA, Khan AH. Regional and national trends in consumption of antimicrobials in Pakistan; pre and post-COVID (2019-2021). Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(Suppl 1):S1-2.
21. Kuriyama T, Karasawa T, Williams DW. Antimicrobial chemotherapy: significance to healthcare. In: Biofilms in infection prevention and control: a healthcare handbook. 2014. p. 199-212.
22. Singh SP, Qureshi A, Hassan W. Mechanisms of action by antimicrobial agents: a review. McGill J Med. 2021;19(1):1-8.
23. Sandhu S, Vastardi MA. Bronchodilators. In: Absolute allergy and immunology board review. 2022. p. 265-73.
24. Williams DM, Rubin BK. Clinical pharmacology of bronchodilator medications. Respir Care. 2018;63(6):641-54.
25. Saric L, Prkic I, Karanovic N. Inotropes and vasopressors. Signa Vitae. 2017;13(Suppl 4):1-4.
26. Bangash MN, Kong ML, Pearse RM. Use of inotropes and vasopressor agents in critically ill patients. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;165(7):2015-33.
27. Paravati S, Rosani A, Warrington SJ. Physiology, catecholamines. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
28. Barrett LK, Singer M, Clapp LH. Vasopressin: mechanisms of action on the vasculature in health and in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(1):33-40.
29. LaCalle EJ, Rabin EJ, Genes NG. Administration of emergency medicine. J Emerg Med. 2013;44(6):1103-7.
30. Standards for the administration of medicines. J Adv Nurs. 1993;18(7):1001-2.
31. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(22):2277-84.
32. Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, McHugh K, Lee C, Kim KP, et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2012;380(9840):499-505.
33. Frush DP, Applegate KE, Yan X, et al. Radiation exposure and dose reduction in pediatric imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33(4):226-34.
34. Strauss KJ, Goske MJ, Kaste SC, et al. Image gently: ten steps you can take to optimize image quality and lower CT dose for pediatric patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(4):868-73.
35. Mettler FA Jr, Bhargavan M, Faulkner K, et al. Radiologic and nuclear medicine studies in the United States and worldwide: frequency, radiation dose, and comparison with other radiation sources—1950–2007. Radiology. 2009;253(2):520-31.
36. Pope TM. Legal briefing: advance directives. J Clin Ethics. 2012;23(3):191-206.
37. Sudore RL, Fried TR. Redefining the “planning” in advance care planning: preparing for end-of-life decision making. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(4):256-61.
38. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Rocker GM, et al. Decision-making in the ICU: perspectives of the substitute decision-maker. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(1):75-82.
39. Wendler D, Rid A. Systematic review: the effect on surrogates of making treatment decisions for others. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(5):336-46.
40. White DB, Engelberg RA, Wenrich MD, et al. Prognostication during physician–family discussions about limiting life-sustaining treatment in intensive care units. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(2):442-8.
41. Luce JM. End-of-life decision making in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(1):6-11.
42. Bernat JL. Ethical issues in neurology. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21(6 Ethics):1625-38.
43. Truog RD, Campbell ML, Curtis JR, et al. Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a consensus statement. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(3):953-63.
44. Nag VL, Kaur N. Superinfections in COVID-19 patients: role of antimicrobials. Dubai Med J. 2021;4(2):71-6.
45. Mustafa T, Niazi MRK, Lakdawala Z, Siddiqui SA, Khan AH. Regional and national trends in consumption of antimicrobials in Pakistan; pre and post-COVID (2019-2021). Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(Suppl 1):S1-2.
46. Kuriyama T, Karasawa T, Williams DW. Antimicrobial chemotherapy: significance to healthcare. In: Biofilms in infection prevention and control: a healthcare handbook. 2014. p. 199-212.
47. Singh SP, Qureshi A, Hassan W. Mechanisms of action by antimicrobial agents: a review. McGill J Med. 2021;19(1):1-8.
48. Sandhu S, Vastardi MA. Bronchodilators. In: Absolute allergy and immunology board review. 2022. p. 265-73.
49. Williams DM, Rubin BK. Clinical pharmacology of bronchodilator medications. Respir Care. 2018;63(6):641-54.
50. Saric L, Prkic I, Karanovic N. Inotropes and vasopressors. Signa Vitae. 2017;13(Suppl 4):1-4.
51. Bangash MN, Kong ML, Pearse RM. Use of inotropes and vasopressor agents in critically ill patients. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;165(7):2015-33.
52. Paravati S, Rosani A, Warrington SJ. Physiology, catecholamines. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
53. Barrett LK, Singer M, Clapp LH. Vasopressin: mechanisms of action on the vasculature in health and in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(1):33-40.
54. LaCalle EJ, Rabin EJ, Genes NG. Administration of emergency medicine. J Emerg Med. 2013;44(6):1103-7.
55. Standards for the administration of medicines. J Adv Nurs. 1993;18(7):1001-2.
56. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Rocker GM, et al. Decision-making in the ICU: perspectives of the substitute decision-maker. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(1):75-82.
57. Wendler D, Rid A. Systematic review: the effect on surrogates of making treatment decisions for others. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(5):336-46.
58. White DB, Engelberg RA, Wenrich MD, et al. Prognostication during physician–family discussions about limiting life-sustaining treatment in intensive care units. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(2):442-8.
59. Luce JM. End-of-life decision making in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(1):6-11.
60. Bernat JL. Ethical issues in neurology. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21(6 Ethics):1625-38.
61. Truog RD, Campbell ML, Curtis JR, et al. Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: a consensus statement. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(3):953-63.
62. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(22):2277-84.
63. Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, McHugh K, Lee C, Kim KP, et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2012;380(9840):499-505.
64. Frush DP, Applegate KE, Yan X, et al. Radiation exposure and dose reduction in pediatric imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33(4):226-34.
65. Strauss KJ, Goske MJ, Kaste SC, et al. Image gently: ten steps you can take to optimize image quality and lower CT dose for pediatric patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(4):868-73.
66. Mettler FA Jr, Bhargavan M, Faulkner K, et al. Radiologic and nuclear medicine studies in the United States and worldwide: frequency, radiation dose, and comparison with other radiation sources—1950–2007. Radiology. 2009;253(2):520-31.
67. Thomsen HS. Contrast media safety—an update. Eur J Radiol. 2011;80(1):77-82.
68. Dillman JR, Ellis JH, Cohan RH, Strouse PJ, Jan SC. Allergic-like breakthrough reactions to gadolinium contrast agents after corticosteroid and antihistamine premedication. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(1):187-90.
69. Patel RA, Yee J. Pediatric contrast-induced nephropathy: what is the risk? Pediatr Radiol. 2013;43(1):1-7.
70. Clement O, Dewachter P, Mouton-Faivre C, et al. Immediate hypersensitivity to contrast agents: the French 5-year CIRTACI study. EClinicalMedicine. 2018;1:51-61.
71. Willemink MJ, Persson M, Pourmorteza A, et al. Photon-counting CT: technical principles and clinical prospects. Radiology. 2018;289(2):293-312.
72. Abdelhafeez AH, Refaat M, Elsharkawy A. Fluorescence-guided surgery in pediatric oncology. J Pediatr Surg. 2018;53(11):2190-6.
73. Sala F, Bricolo A, Talacchi A, et al. Intraoperative MRI in pediatric neurosurgery. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22(5):458-65.
74. Rothenberg SS. Thoracoscopic surgery in infants and children. Surg Endosc. 2008;22(2):329-35.
75. Esposito C, Escolino M, Turrà F, et al. Robot-assisted surgery in pediatric oncology. World J Surg. 2017;41(4):835-42.
76. Marescaux J, Diana M. Next step in minimally invasive surgery: computer-assisted surgery. Br J Surg. 2015;102(6):e90-9.
77. Messiou C, Orton M, Ang JE, et al. Advanced MRI for the assessment of treatment response in oncology. Br J Radiol. 2016;89(1062):20150314.
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Jan 9, 2026
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“Transforming Emergency Care: An In-Depth Review of the Latest Advances in Emergency Medications”. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2026 Jan. 9 [cited 2026 Jan. 25];23(4):1-15. Available from: https://www.pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/3219
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How to Cite
1.
“Transforming Emergency Care: An In-Depth Review of the Latest Advances in Emergency Medications”. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2026 Jan. 9 [cited 2026 Jan. 25];23(4):1-15. Available from: https://www.pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/3219