What drives the intention to dispense ETC medications without prescription across community pharmacists in Can Tho city, Viet Nam? – A theory-based cross-sectional analysis
Main Article Content
Keywords
Community pharmacy, Dispensing practices, Factor analysis, Theory of Planned Behavior, Vietnam
Abstract
Objectives: To access determinants of the intent of providing ETC medicines in non-prescription settings in community pharmacists in Can Tho, Vietnam in 2021. Additionally, we aimed to create a new measurement scale of degrees of effect for each factor. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted between June and October 2021. A self-administered questionnaire stemmed from the “Theory of Planned Behavior” (TPB), consisting of 24 statements on a 5-point Likert scale was mailed to targeted individuals. Exploratory factor analysis is the major instrument apart from the t-Test and ANOVA statistics. 120 pharmacy personnel working at 120 randomly chosen drugstores in Can Tho. Results: Subjective norms have been found to be the most influential factor, followed by perceived behavior controls, and positive attitudes toward the action of concern. TPB-based model is responsible for approximately 40% of the variance in the willingness to take action. Conclusion: It seems that community pharmacists’ decision toward prescription pharmaceuticals has not been academically attractive. Extra papers are necessary to understand the motives behind the execution of the behavior.
References
1. Hermansyah A, Sainsbury E, Krass I. Community pharmacy and emerging public health initiatives in developing Southeast Asian countries: a systematic review. Health and Social Care in the Community. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2016;24(5):e11-22.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12289
2. Hoa NQ, Lan PT, Phuc HD, et al. Antibiotic prescribing and dispensing for acute respiratory infections in children: Effectiveness of a multi-faceted intervention for health-care providers in Vietnam. Glob Health Action. 2017;10(1):1327638. https://doi.or
g/10.1080/16549716.2017.1327638
3. Miller R, Goodman C. Performance of retail pharmacies in low- and middle-income Asian settings: a systematic review. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(7):940-953. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw007
4. Auta A, Hadi MA, Oga E, et al. Global access to antibiotics without prescription in community pharmacies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Infection. 2019;78(1):8-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2018.07.001
5. Langer B, Kunow C. Medication dispensing, additional therapeutic recommendations, and pricing practices for acute diarrhoea by community pharmacies in Germany: A simulated patient study. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2019;17(3):1579. https://doi.
org/10.18549/pharmpract.2019.3.1579
6. Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: Causes and control strategies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017-0208-x
7. Grigoryan L, Germanos G, Zoorob R, et al. Use of antibiotics without a prescription in the U.S. Population a scoping review. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2019;171(4):257-263. https://doi.org/10.7326/m19-0505
8. Nguyen PH, Tran V de, Pham DT, et al. Use of and attitudes towards herbal medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: A crosssectional study in Vietnam. Eur J Integr Med. 2021;44:10138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101328
9. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50(2):179-211.
10. Ajzen I. From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. Action Control. 1985;11-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3-642-69746-3_2
11. Kan MPH, Fabrigar LR. Theory of Planned Behavior. Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. 2017;1-8. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1191-1
12. Elashoff JD, Lemeshow S. Sample Size Determination in Epidemiologic Studies. Handbook of Epidemiology. 2005;559-594. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-26577-1_15
13. Nakano Y, Muro S, Sakai H, et al. Computed tomographic measurements of airway dimensions and emphysema in smokers correlation with lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(3 I):1102-1108. https://doi.org/10.1164/
ajrccm.162.3.9907120
14. Wilcox RR. Comparing Two Groups. Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing. 2022;153-251. https://doi. org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820098-8.00011-7
15. Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011;2:53.
16. Eberhard L, Hassel A, Bäumer A, et al. Analysis of quality and feasibility of an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) in preclinical dental education. European Journal of Dental Education. 2011;15(3):172-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-
0579.2010.00653.x
17. Watkins MW. Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Guide to Best Practice. Journal of Black Psychology. 2018;44(3):219-246. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
18. Barendse MT, Oort FJ, Timmerman ME. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis to Determine the Dimensionality of Discrete Responses. 2014;22(1):87-101. https://doi.org/101080/107055112014934850
19. Kaiser HF. An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika. 1974;39(1):31-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291575
20. Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T, et al. Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine. 2010;8(3):1-13. https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.8.3.93
21. Cattell RB. The Scree Test for The Number Of Factors. 2010;1(2):245-276. https://doi.org/101207/s15327906mbr0102_10
22. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191-2194. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24141714/
23. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
24. Byrne MK, Miellet S, McGlinn A, et al. The drivers of antibiotic use and misuse: The development and investigation of a theory driven community measure. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7796-8
25. Maina BW, Orindi BO, Sikweyiya Y, et al. Gender norms about romantic relationships and sexual experiences among very young male adolescents in Korogocho slum in Kenya. Int J Public Health. 2020;65(4):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-
01364-9
26. Barker AK, Brown K, Ahsan M, et al. What drives inappropriate antibiotic dispensing? A mixed-methods study of pharmacy employee perspectives in Haryana, India. BMJ Open. 2017;7(3):e013190. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013190
27. Zapata-Cachafeiro M, Piñeiro-Lamas M, Guinovart MC, et al. Magnitude and determinants of antibiotic dispensing without prescription in Spain: A simulated patient study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2019;74(2):511-514. https://doi.
org/10.1093/jac/dky440
28. Zawahir S, Lekamwasam S, Aslani P. Factors related to antibiotic supply without a prescription for common infections: A crosssectional national survey in sri lanka. Antibiotics. 2021;10(6):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060647
29. de Tran V, Dorofeeva VV, Loskutova EE, et al. Factors influencing community pharmacists’ recommendation of over-thecounter medications in four Vietnam cities. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2019;18(2):421-427. https://doi.
org/10.4314/tjpr.v18i2.29
https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12289
2. Hoa NQ, Lan PT, Phuc HD, et al. Antibiotic prescribing and dispensing for acute respiratory infections in children: Effectiveness of a multi-faceted intervention for health-care providers in Vietnam. Glob Health Action. 2017;10(1):1327638. https://doi.or
g/10.1080/16549716.2017.1327638
3. Miller R, Goodman C. Performance of retail pharmacies in low- and middle-income Asian settings: a systematic review. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(7):940-953. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw007
4. Auta A, Hadi MA, Oga E, et al. Global access to antibiotics without prescription in community pharmacies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Infection. 2019;78(1):8-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2018.07.001
5. Langer B, Kunow C. Medication dispensing, additional therapeutic recommendations, and pricing practices for acute diarrhoea by community pharmacies in Germany: A simulated patient study. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2019;17(3):1579. https://doi.
org/10.18549/pharmpract.2019.3.1579
6. Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: Causes and control strategies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017-0208-x
7. Grigoryan L, Germanos G, Zoorob R, et al. Use of antibiotics without a prescription in the U.S. Population a scoping review. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2019;171(4):257-263. https://doi.org/10.7326/m19-0505
8. Nguyen PH, Tran V de, Pham DT, et al. Use of and attitudes towards herbal medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: A crosssectional study in Vietnam. Eur J Integr Med. 2021;44:10138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101328
9. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50(2):179-211.
10. Ajzen I. From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. Action Control. 1985;11-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3-642-69746-3_2
11. Kan MPH, Fabrigar LR. Theory of Planned Behavior. Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. 2017;1-8. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1191-1
12. Elashoff JD, Lemeshow S. Sample Size Determination in Epidemiologic Studies. Handbook of Epidemiology. 2005;559-594. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-26577-1_15
13. Nakano Y, Muro S, Sakai H, et al. Computed tomographic measurements of airway dimensions and emphysema in smokers correlation with lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(3 I):1102-1108. https://doi.org/10.1164/
ajrccm.162.3.9907120
14. Wilcox RR. Comparing Two Groups. Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing. 2022;153-251. https://doi. org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820098-8.00011-7
15. Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011;2:53.
16. Eberhard L, Hassel A, Bäumer A, et al. Analysis of quality and feasibility of an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) in preclinical dental education. European Journal of Dental Education. 2011;15(3):172-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-
0579.2010.00653.x
17. Watkins MW. Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Guide to Best Practice. Journal of Black Psychology. 2018;44(3):219-246. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
18. Barendse MT, Oort FJ, Timmerman ME. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis to Determine the Dimensionality of Discrete Responses. 2014;22(1):87-101. https://doi.org/101080/107055112014934850
19. Kaiser HF. An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika. 1974;39(1):31-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291575
20. Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T, et al. Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine. 2010;8(3):1-13. https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.8.3.93
21. Cattell RB. The Scree Test for The Number Of Factors. 2010;1(2):245-276. https://doi.org/101207/s15327906mbr0102_10
22. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191-2194. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24141714/
23. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
24. Byrne MK, Miellet S, McGlinn A, et al. The drivers of antibiotic use and misuse: The development and investigation of a theory driven community measure. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7796-8
25. Maina BW, Orindi BO, Sikweyiya Y, et al. Gender norms about romantic relationships and sexual experiences among very young male adolescents in Korogocho slum in Kenya. Int J Public Health. 2020;65(4):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-
01364-9
26. Barker AK, Brown K, Ahsan M, et al. What drives inappropriate antibiotic dispensing? A mixed-methods study of pharmacy employee perspectives in Haryana, India. BMJ Open. 2017;7(3):e013190. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013190
27. Zapata-Cachafeiro M, Piñeiro-Lamas M, Guinovart MC, et al. Magnitude and determinants of antibiotic dispensing without prescription in Spain: A simulated patient study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2019;74(2):511-514. https://doi.
org/10.1093/jac/dky440
28. Zawahir S, Lekamwasam S, Aslani P. Factors related to antibiotic supply without a prescription for common infections: A crosssectional national survey in sri lanka. Antibiotics. 2021;10(6):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060647
29. de Tran V, Dorofeeva VV, Loskutova EE, et al. Factors influencing community pharmacists’ recommendation of over-thecounter medications in four Vietnam cities. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2019;18(2):421-427. https://doi.
org/10.4314/tjpr.v18i2.29
Article Sidebar
Published
Jun 21, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
1.
What drives the intention to dispense ETC medications without prescription across community pharmacists in Can Tho city, Viet Nam? – A theory-based cross-sectional analysis. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2023 Jun. 21 [cited 2024 Oct. 4];21(2):1-10. Available from: https://www.pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2819
Section
Original Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
What drives the intention to dispense ETC medications without prescription across community pharmacists in Can Tho city, Viet Nam? – A theory-based cross-sectional analysis. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2023 Jun. 21 [cited 2024 Oct. 4];21(2):1-10. Available from: https://www.pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2819