Immunosuppressive therapy after solid-organ transplantation: does the INTERMED identify patients at risk of poor adherence?
Main Article Content
Keywords
Organ Transplantation, Medication Adherence, Personality Assessment, Adaptation, Psychological, Patient Care Team, Switzerland
Abstract
Background: Lack of adherence to medication is a trigger of graft rejection in solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients.
Objective: This exploratory study aimed to assess whether a biopsychosocial evaluation using the INTERMED instrument before transplantation could identify SOT recipients at risk of suboptimal post-transplantation adherence to immunosuppressant drugs. We hypothesized that complex patients (INTERMED>20) might have lower medication adherence than noncomplex patients (INTERMED≤20).
Methods: Each patient eligible for transplantation at the University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland, has to undergo a pre-transplantation psychiatric evaluation. In this context the patient was asked to participate in our study. The INTERMED was completed pre-transplantation, and adherence to immunosuppressive medication was monitored post-transplantation by electronic monitors for 12 months. The main outcome measure was the implementation and persistence to two calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine and tacrolimus, according to the dichotomized INTERMED score (>20 or ≤20).
Results: Among the 50 SOT recipients who completed the INTERMED, 32 entered the study. The complex (N=11) and noncomplex patients (N=21) were similar in terms of age, sex and transplanted organ. Implementation was 94.2% in noncomplex patients versus 87.8% in complex patients (non-significant p-value). Five patients were lost to follow-up: one was non-persistent, and four refused electronic monitoring. Of the four patients who refused monitoring, two were complex and withdrew early, and two were noncomplex and withdrew later in the study.
Conclusion: Patients identified as complex pre-transplant by the INTERMED tended to deviate from their immunosuppressant regimen, but the findings were not statistically significant. Larger studies are needed to evaluate this association further, as well as the appropriateness of using a nonspecific biopsychosocial instrument such as INTERMED in highly morbid patients who have complex social and psychological characteristics.
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References
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2. Sánchez R, Baillés E, Peri JM, Bastidas A, Pérez-Villa F, Bulbena A, Pintor L. Cross-sectional psychosocial evaluation of heart transplantation candidates. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(6):680-685. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.07.007
3. Goetzmann L, Wagner-Huber R, Klaghofer R, Muellhaupt B, Clavien PA, Buddeberg C, Scheuer E. Waiting for a liver transplant: psychosocial well-being, spirituality, and need for counselling. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(9):2931-2936.
4. Weinrieb RM, Van Horn DH, Lynch KG, Lucey MR. A randomized, controlled study of treatment for alcohol dependence in patients awaiting liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2011;17(5):539-547. doi: 10.1002/lt.22259
5. Burns T, Fernandez R, Stephens M. The experiences of adults who are on dialysis and waiting for a renal transplant from a deceased donor: a systematic review. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2015;13(2):169-211. doi: 10.11124/jbisrir-2015-1973
6. DiMartini A, Crone C, Fireman M, Dew MA. Psychiatric aspects of organ transplantation in critical care. Crit Care Clin. 2008;24(4):949-981. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2008.05.001
7. Dew MA, Kormos RL, Roth LH, Murali S, DiMartini A, Griffith BP. Early post-transplant medical compliance and mental health predict physical morbidity and mortality one to three years after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18(6):549-562.
8. Beilby S, Moss-Morris R, Painter L. Quality of life before and after heart, lung and liver transplantation. N Z Med J. 2003;116(1171):U381.
9. Skotzko CE, Rudis R, Kobashigawa JA, Laks H. Psychiatric disorders and outcome following cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18(10):952-956.
10. Olbrisch ME, Levenson JL, Hamer R. The PACT: a rating scale for the study of clinical decision making in psychosocial screening of organ transplant candidates. Clin Transplant. 1989;3(3):164-169.
11. Twillman RK, Manetto C, Wellisch DK, Wolcott DL. The Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale. A revision of the psychosocial levels system for evaluating organ transplant candidates. Psychosomatics. 1993;34(2):144-153.
12. Ludwig G, Dobe-Tauchert P, Nonnast-Daniel B, Stiefel F, de Jonge P, Lobo E, Richter R, Eckardt KU, Hohenberger W, Weyand M, Söllner W. Assessing psychosocial vulnerability and care needs of pretransplant patients by means of the INTERMED. Z Psychosom Med Psychother. 2014;60(2):190-203. doi: 10.13109/zptm.2014.60.2.190
13. de Jonge P, Huyse FJ, Stiefel FC, Slaets JP, Gans RO. INTERMED--a clinical instrument for biopsychosocial assessment. Psychosomatics. 2001;42(2):106-109.
14. Maldonado JR, Sher Y, Lolak S, Swendsen H, Skibola D, Neri E, David EE, Sullivan C, Standridge K. The Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation: a prospective study of medical and psychosocial outcomes. Psychosom Med. 2015;77(9):1018-1030. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000241
15. Maldonado JR, Dubois HC, David EE, Sher Y, Lolak S, Dyal J, Witten D. The Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation (SIPAT): a new tool for the psychosocial evaluation of pre-transplant candidates. Psychosomatics. 2012;53(2):123-132. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2011.12.012
16. Lobo E, Stiefel F, Söllner W, Santabarbara J, Lobo A, Huyse F, Marcos G, Michaud L, Hohenberger W, Ludwig G. Care complexity, mood, and quality of life in liver pre-transplant patients. Clin Transplant. 201327(3):417-425. doi: 10.1111/ctr.12104
17. Huyse FJ, Lyons JS, Stiefel FC, Slaets JP, de Jonge P, Fink P, Gans RO, Guex P, Herzog T, Lobo A, Smith GC, van Schijndel RS. "INTERMED": a method to assess health service needs. I. Development and reliability. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1999;21(1):39-48.
18. Stiefel FC, de Jonge P, Huyse FJ, Guex P, Slaets JP, Lyons JS, Spagnoli J, Vannotti M. "INTERMED": a method to assess health service needs. II. Results on its validity and clinical use. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1999;21(1):49-56.
19. Denhaerynck K, Dobbels F, Cleemput I, Desmyttere A, Schäfer-Keller P, Schaub S, De Geest S. Prevalence, consequences, and determinants of nonadherence in adult renal transplant patients: a literature review. Transpl Int. 2005;18(10):1121-1133.
20. Nevins TE, Robiner WN, Thomas W. Predictive patterns of early medication adherence in renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2014;98(8):878-884. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000148
21. Gaynor JJ, Ciancio G, Guerra G, Sageshima J, Hanson L, Roth D, Chen L, Kupin W, Mattiazzi A, Tueros L, Flores S, Aminsharifi J, Joshi S, Chediak Z, Ruiz P, Vianna R, Burke GW 3rd. Graft failure due to noncompliance among 628 kidney transplant recipients with long-term follow-up: a single-center observational study. Transplantation. 2014;97(9):925-933. doi: 10.1097/01.TP.0000438199.76531.4a
22. Pinsky BW, Takemoto SK, Lentine KL, Burroughs TE, Schnitzler MA, Salvalaggio PR. Transplant outcomes and economic costs associated with patient noncompliance to immunosuppression. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(11):2597-2606. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02798.x
23. De Geest S, Burkhalter H, Bogert L, Berben L, Glass TR, Denhaerynck K; Psychosocial Interest Group; Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Describing the evolution of medication nonadherence from pretransplant until 3 years post-transplant and determining pretransplant medication nonadherence as risk factor for post-transplant nonadherence to immunosuppressives: the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Transpl Int. 2014 Jul;27(7):657-666. doi: 10.1111/tri.12312
24. Jindal RM, Neff RT, Abbott KC, Hurst FP, Elster EA, Falta EM, Patel P, Cukor D. Association between depression and nonadherence in recipients of kidney transplants: analysis of the United States renal data system. Transplant Proc. 2009 Nov;41(9):3662-3666. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.187
25. Schmid-Mohler G, Thut MP, Wuthrich RP, Denhaerynck K, De Geest S. Non-adherence to immunosuppressive medication in renal transplant recipients within the scope of the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction: a cross-sectional study. Clin Transplant. 2010;24(2):213-222. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.01056.x
26. Stiefel FC, de Jonge P, Huyse FJ, Slaets JP, Guex P, Lyons JS, Vannotti M, Fritsch C, Moeri R, Leyvraz PF, So A, Spagnoli J. INTERMED--an assessment and classification system for case complexity. Results in patients with low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(4):378-384.
27. Koch N, Stiefel F, de Jonge P, Fransen J, Chamot AM, Gerster JC, Huyse F, So AK. Identification of case complexity and increased health care utilization in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;45(3):216-221.
28. de Jonge P, Ruinemans GM, Huyse FJ, ter Wee PM. A simple risk score predicts poor quality of life and non-survival at 1 year follow-up in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(12):2622-2628.
29. Stiefel F, Zdrojewski C, Bel Hadj F, Boffa D, Dorogi Y, So A, Ruiz J, de Jonge P. Effects of a multifaceted psychiatric intervention targeted for the complex medically ill: a randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2008;77(4):247-256. doi: 10.1159/000129658
30. de Jonge P, Latour C, Huyse FJ. Interrater reliability of the INTERMED in a heterogeneous somatic population. J Psychosom Res. 2002;52(1):25-27.
31. SUVA. Rapport annuel. Available at: http://www.crr-suva.ch/data/documents/rapports-annuel/Rapport_11.pdf (accessed October 26, 2016).
32. Farmer KC. Methods for measuring and monitoring medication regimen adherence in clinical trials and clinical practice. Clin Ther. 1999;21(6):1074-1090
33. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487-497.
34. De Bleser L, De Geest S, Vandenbroeck S, Vanhaecke J, Dobbels F. How accurate are electronic monitoring devices? A laboratory study testing two devices to measure medication adherence. Sensors (Basel). 2010;10(3):1652-1660. doi: 10.3390/s100301652
35. Santschi V, Rodondi N, Bugnon O, Burnier M. Impact of electronic monitoring of drug adherence on blood pressure control in primary care: a cluster 12-month randomised controlled study. Eur J Intern Med. 2008;19(6):427-434. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.12.007
36. Burnier M, Schneider MP, Chiolero A, Stubi CL, Brunner HR. Electronic compliance monitoring in resistant hypertension: the basis for rational therapeutic decisions. J Hypertens. 2001;19(2):335-341.
37. Rotzinger A, Cavassini M, Bugnon O, Schneider MP. Development of an algorithm for analysing the electronic measurement of medication adherence in routine HIV care. Int J Clin Pharm. 2016;38(5):1210-1218. doi: 10.1007/s11096-016-0354-x
38. Krummenacher I, Cavassini M, Bugnon O, Schneider MP. An interdisciplinary HIV-adherence program combining motivational interviewing and electronic antiretroviral drug monitoring. AIDS Care. 2011;23(5):550-561. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2010.525613
39. Vrijens B, De Geest S, Hughes DA, Przemyslaw K, Demonceau J, Ruppar T, Dobbels F, Fargher E, Morrison V, Lewek P, Matyjaszczyk M, Mshelia C, Clyne W, Aronson JK, Urquhart J; ABC Project Team. A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;73(5):691-705. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04167.x
40. Zeger SL, Liang KY. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics. 1986;42(1):121-130.
41. Fischer CJ, Stiefel FC, De Jonge P, Guex P, Troendle A, Bulliard C, Huyse FJ, Gaillard R, Ruiz J. Case complexity and clinical outcome in diabetes mellitus. A prospective study using the INTERMED. Diabetes Metab. 2000;26(4):295-302.
42. Luthi F, Stiefel F, Gobelet C, Rivier G, Deriaz O. Rehabilitation outcomes for orthopaedic trauma individuals as measured by the INTERMED. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33(25-26):2544-2552. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2011.579223
43. Cukor D, Rosenthal DS, Jindal RM, Brown CD, Kimmel PL. Depression is an important contributor to low medication adherence in hemodialyzed patients and transplant recipients. Kidney Int. 2009;75(11):1223-1229. doi: 10.1038/ki.2009.51
44. Calia R, Lai C, Aceto P, Luciani M, Saraceni C, Lai S, Gargiulo A, Citterio F. Preoperative psychological factors predicting graft rejection in patients undergoing kidney transplant: a pilot study. Transplant Proc. 2011 May;43(4):1006-1009. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.01.158
45. Dobbels F, Vanhaecke J, Dupont L, Nevens F, Verleden G, Pirenne J, De Geest S. Pretransplant predictors of posttransplant adherence and clinical outcome: an evidence base for pretransplant psychosocial screening. Transplantation. 2009;87(10):1497-1504. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181a440ae
46. Lavelle MB, Finkelstein SM, Lindgren BR, Lindquist R, Robiner WN, MacMahon K, VanWormer AM. Newsletters and adherence to a weekly home spirometry program after lung transplant. Prog Transplant. 2010;20(4):329-334.
47. Weng FL, Chandwani S, Kurtyka KM, Zacker C, Chisholm-Burns MA, Demissie K. Prevalence and correlates of medication non-adherence among kidney transplant recipients more than 6 months post-transplant: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:261. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-261
48. Azzi JR, Sayegh MH, Mallat SG. Calcineurin inhibitors: 40 years later, can't live without. J Immunol. 2013;191(12):5785-5791. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1390055
49. Kathol R, Saravay SM, Lobo A, Ormel J. Epidemiologic trends and costs of fragmentation. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90(4):549-572.
2. Sánchez R, Baillés E, Peri JM, Bastidas A, Pérez-Villa F, Bulbena A, Pintor L. Cross-sectional psychosocial evaluation of heart transplantation candidates. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(6):680-685. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.07.007
3. Goetzmann L, Wagner-Huber R, Klaghofer R, Muellhaupt B, Clavien PA, Buddeberg C, Scheuer E. Waiting for a liver transplant: psychosocial well-being, spirituality, and need for counselling. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(9):2931-2936.
4. Weinrieb RM, Van Horn DH, Lynch KG, Lucey MR. A randomized, controlled study of treatment for alcohol dependence in patients awaiting liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2011;17(5):539-547. doi: 10.1002/lt.22259
5. Burns T, Fernandez R, Stephens M. The experiences of adults who are on dialysis and waiting for a renal transplant from a deceased donor: a systematic review. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2015;13(2):169-211. doi: 10.11124/jbisrir-2015-1973
6. DiMartini A, Crone C, Fireman M, Dew MA. Psychiatric aspects of organ transplantation in critical care. Crit Care Clin. 2008;24(4):949-981. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2008.05.001
7. Dew MA, Kormos RL, Roth LH, Murali S, DiMartini A, Griffith BP. Early post-transplant medical compliance and mental health predict physical morbidity and mortality one to three years after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18(6):549-562.
8. Beilby S, Moss-Morris R, Painter L. Quality of life before and after heart, lung and liver transplantation. N Z Med J. 2003;116(1171):U381.
9. Skotzko CE, Rudis R, Kobashigawa JA, Laks H. Psychiatric disorders and outcome following cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18(10):952-956.
10. Olbrisch ME, Levenson JL, Hamer R. The PACT: a rating scale for the study of clinical decision making in psychosocial screening of organ transplant candidates. Clin Transplant. 1989;3(3):164-169.
11. Twillman RK, Manetto C, Wellisch DK, Wolcott DL. The Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale. A revision of the psychosocial levels system for evaluating organ transplant candidates. Psychosomatics. 1993;34(2):144-153.
12. Ludwig G, Dobe-Tauchert P, Nonnast-Daniel B, Stiefel F, de Jonge P, Lobo E, Richter R, Eckardt KU, Hohenberger W, Weyand M, Söllner W. Assessing psychosocial vulnerability and care needs of pretransplant patients by means of the INTERMED. Z Psychosom Med Psychother. 2014;60(2):190-203. doi: 10.13109/zptm.2014.60.2.190
13. de Jonge P, Huyse FJ, Stiefel FC, Slaets JP, Gans RO. INTERMED--a clinical instrument for biopsychosocial assessment. Psychosomatics. 2001;42(2):106-109.
14. Maldonado JR, Sher Y, Lolak S, Swendsen H, Skibola D, Neri E, David EE, Sullivan C, Standridge K. The Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation: a prospective study of medical and psychosocial outcomes. Psychosom Med. 2015;77(9):1018-1030. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000241
15. Maldonado JR, Dubois HC, David EE, Sher Y, Lolak S, Dyal J, Witten D. The Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation (SIPAT): a new tool for the psychosocial evaluation of pre-transplant candidates. Psychosomatics. 2012;53(2):123-132. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2011.12.012
16. Lobo E, Stiefel F, Söllner W, Santabarbara J, Lobo A, Huyse F, Marcos G, Michaud L, Hohenberger W, Ludwig G. Care complexity, mood, and quality of life in liver pre-transplant patients. Clin Transplant. 201327(3):417-425. doi: 10.1111/ctr.12104
17. Huyse FJ, Lyons JS, Stiefel FC, Slaets JP, de Jonge P, Fink P, Gans RO, Guex P, Herzog T, Lobo A, Smith GC, van Schijndel RS. "INTERMED": a method to assess health service needs. I. Development and reliability. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1999;21(1):39-48.
18. Stiefel FC, de Jonge P, Huyse FJ, Guex P, Slaets JP, Lyons JS, Spagnoli J, Vannotti M. "INTERMED": a method to assess health service needs. II. Results on its validity and clinical use. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1999;21(1):49-56.
19. Denhaerynck K, Dobbels F, Cleemput I, Desmyttere A, Schäfer-Keller P, Schaub S, De Geest S. Prevalence, consequences, and determinants of nonadherence in adult renal transplant patients: a literature review. Transpl Int. 2005;18(10):1121-1133.
20. Nevins TE, Robiner WN, Thomas W. Predictive patterns of early medication adherence in renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2014;98(8):878-884. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000148
21. Gaynor JJ, Ciancio G, Guerra G, Sageshima J, Hanson L, Roth D, Chen L, Kupin W, Mattiazzi A, Tueros L, Flores S, Aminsharifi J, Joshi S, Chediak Z, Ruiz P, Vianna R, Burke GW 3rd. Graft failure due to noncompliance among 628 kidney transplant recipients with long-term follow-up: a single-center observational study. Transplantation. 2014;97(9):925-933. doi: 10.1097/01.TP.0000438199.76531.4a
22. Pinsky BW, Takemoto SK, Lentine KL, Burroughs TE, Schnitzler MA, Salvalaggio PR. Transplant outcomes and economic costs associated with patient noncompliance to immunosuppression. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(11):2597-2606. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02798.x
23. De Geest S, Burkhalter H, Bogert L, Berben L, Glass TR, Denhaerynck K; Psychosocial Interest Group; Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Describing the evolution of medication nonadherence from pretransplant until 3 years post-transplant and determining pretransplant medication nonadherence as risk factor for post-transplant nonadherence to immunosuppressives: the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Transpl Int. 2014 Jul;27(7):657-666. doi: 10.1111/tri.12312
24. Jindal RM, Neff RT, Abbott KC, Hurst FP, Elster EA, Falta EM, Patel P, Cukor D. Association between depression and nonadherence in recipients of kidney transplants: analysis of the United States renal data system. Transplant Proc. 2009 Nov;41(9):3662-3666. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.187
25. Schmid-Mohler G, Thut MP, Wuthrich RP, Denhaerynck K, De Geest S. Non-adherence to immunosuppressive medication in renal transplant recipients within the scope of the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction: a cross-sectional study. Clin Transplant. 2010;24(2):213-222. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.01056.x
26. Stiefel FC, de Jonge P, Huyse FJ, Slaets JP, Guex P, Lyons JS, Vannotti M, Fritsch C, Moeri R, Leyvraz PF, So A, Spagnoli J. INTERMED--an assessment and classification system for case complexity. Results in patients with low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(4):378-384.
27. Koch N, Stiefel F, de Jonge P, Fransen J, Chamot AM, Gerster JC, Huyse F, So AK. Identification of case complexity and increased health care utilization in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;45(3):216-221.
28. de Jonge P, Ruinemans GM, Huyse FJ, ter Wee PM. A simple risk score predicts poor quality of life and non-survival at 1 year follow-up in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(12):2622-2628.
29. Stiefel F, Zdrojewski C, Bel Hadj F, Boffa D, Dorogi Y, So A, Ruiz J, de Jonge P. Effects of a multifaceted psychiatric intervention targeted for the complex medically ill: a randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2008;77(4):247-256. doi: 10.1159/000129658
30. de Jonge P, Latour C, Huyse FJ. Interrater reliability of the INTERMED in a heterogeneous somatic population. J Psychosom Res. 2002;52(1):25-27.
31. SUVA. Rapport annuel. Available at: http://www.crr-suva.ch/data/documents/rapports-annuel/Rapport_11.pdf (accessed October 26, 2016).
32. Farmer KC. Methods for measuring and monitoring medication regimen adherence in clinical trials and clinical practice. Clin Ther. 1999;21(6):1074-1090
33. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487-497.
34. De Bleser L, De Geest S, Vandenbroeck S, Vanhaecke J, Dobbels F. How accurate are electronic monitoring devices? A laboratory study testing two devices to measure medication adherence. Sensors (Basel). 2010;10(3):1652-1660. doi: 10.3390/s100301652
35. Santschi V, Rodondi N, Bugnon O, Burnier M. Impact of electronic monitoring of drug adherence on blood pressure control in primary care: a cluster 12-month randomised controlled study. Eur J Intern Med. 2008;19(6):427-434. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.12.007
36. Burnier M, Schneider MP, Chiolero A, Stubi CL, Brunner HR. Electronic compliance monitoring in resistant hypertension: the basis for rational therapeutic decisions. J Hypertens. 2001;19(2):335-341.
37. Rotzinger A, Cavassini M, Bugnon O, Schneider MP. Development of an algorithm for analysing the electronic measurement of medication adherence in routine HIV care. Int J Clin Pharm. 2016;38(5):1210-1218. doi: 10.1007/s11096-016-0354-x
38. Krummenacher I, Cavassini M, Bugnon O, Schneider MP. An interdisciplinary HIV-adherence program combining motivational interviewing and electronic antiretroviral drug monitoring. AIDS Care. 2011;23(5):550-561. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2010.525613
39. Vrijens B, De Geest S, Hughes DA, Przemyslaw K, Demonceau J, Ruppar T, Dobbels F, Fargher E, Morrison V, Lewek P, Matyjaszczyk M, Mshelia C, Clyne W, Aronson JK, Urquhart J; ABC Project Team. A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;73(5):691-705. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04167.x
40. Zeger SL, Liang KY. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics. 1986;42(1):121-130.
41. Fischer CJ, Stiefel FC, De Jonge P, Guex P, Troendle A, Bulliard C, Huyse FJ, Gaillard R, Ruiz J. Case complexity and clinical outcome in diabetes mellitus. A prospective study using the INTERMED. Diabetes Metab. 2000;26(4):295-302.
42. Luthi F, Stiefel F, Gobelet C, Rivier G, Deriaz O. Rehabilitation outcomes for orthopaedic trauma individuals as measured by the INTERMED. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33(25-26):2544-2552. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2011.579223
43. Cukor D, Rosenthal DS, Jindal RM, Brown CD, Kimmel PL. Depression is an important contributor to low medication adherence in hemodialyzed patients and transplant recipients. Kidney Int. 2009;75(11):1223-1229. doi: 10.1038/ki.2009.51
44. Calia R, Lai C, Aceto P, Luciani M, Saraceni C, Lai S, Gargiulo A, Citterio F. Preoperative psychological factors predicting graft rejection in patients undergoing kidney transplant: a pilot study. Transplant Proc. 2011 May;43(4):1006-1009. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.01.158
45. Dobbels F, Vanhaecke J, Dupont L, Nevens F, Verleden G, Pirenne J, De Geest S. Pretransplant predictors of posttransplant adherence and clinical outcome: an evidence base for pretransplant psychosocial screening. Transplantation. 2009;87(10):1497-1504. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181a440ae
46. Lavelle MB, Finkelstein SM, Lindgren BR, Lindquist R, Robiner WN, MacMahon K, VanWormer AM. Newsletters and adherence to a weekly home spirometry program after lung transplant. Prog Transplant. 2010;20(4):329-334.
47. Weng FL, Chandwani S, Kurtyka KM, Zacker C, Chisholm-Burns MA, Demissie K. Prevalence and correlates of medication non-adherence among kidney transplant recipients more than 6 months post-transplant: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:261. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-261
48. Azzi JR, Sayegh MH, Mallat SG. Calcineurin inhibitors: 40 years later, can't live without. J Immunol. 2013;191(12):5785-5791. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1390055
49. Kathol R, Saravay SM, Lobo A, Ormel J. Epidemiologic trends and costs of fragmentation. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90(4):549-572.
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Dec 16, 2016
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Michaud L, Ludwig G, Berney S, Rodrigues S, Niquille A, Santschi V, Favre A-S, Lange A-C, Michels AA, Vrijens B, Bugnon O, Pilon N, Pascual M, Venetz J-P, Stiefel F, Schneider MP. Immunosuppressive therapy after solid-organ transplantation: does the INTERMED identify patients at risk of poor adherence?. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2016 Dec. 16 [cited 2023 Oct. 2];14(4):822. Available from: https://www.pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/822
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