The risks and benefits associated with the self-selection of pharmacy medicines (PMEDs): A rapid systematic review
Main Article Content
Keywords
Patient safety, Pharmacy medicines, Over the counter medicines (OTC), Prescription only, community pharmacy, General Sales List (GSL) medicines
Abstract
Background: Pharmacies in the UK are increasingly implementing a self-selection model for Pharmacy medicines (PMEDs) in physical pharmacies and allowing their purchase from online pharmacies. This model potentially weakens the additional level of protection recommended by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) by removing the opportunity for intervention, possibly risking patient harm. Objective: To assess the risks and benefits associated with a PMEDs self-selection model in pharmacy settings. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across three databases (PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library) from 01/10/2024 to 22/10/2024. The search terms comprised Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and free text with wildcard truncations. Only studies published from 01/2014 – 10/2024 and published in English were eligible for inclusion. Studies identified were exported to Excel, where duplicates were removed. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to assess the quality of all included studies. Results: A total of 54 studies of the 104 initially screened were included in the review. The country most frequently reported on was Australia (9/54; 16%), alongside multi-location/global studies (9/54; 16%). The majority (29/54; 54%) of studies focussed on the views and experiences of pharmacy professionals or students, and approximately half (26/54; 48%) focussed on patient views, experiences, or behaviours. The benefits identified from the included literature were relatively consistent, focussing on access to care, reducing pressure on health systems, and improved patient autonomy. However, the list of risks identified was heterogenous, covering a range of themes, including, adverse effects of medication, inappropriate use of medication, and reduced intervention opportunities, and self-diagnoses delaying required care. The risks associated with medication self-selection were more frequently discussed when compared with benefits. Conclusions: Although this review identified risks and benefits associated with medication self-selection more broadly, none of the included publications solely discussed PMEDs. More research is needed to fully understand the risks and benefits of the self-selection model for this classification of medicines.
References
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13. Bowman C, Family H, Agius-Muscat H, Cordina M, Sutton J. Consumer internet purchasing of medicines using a population sample: A mixed methodology approach. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2020;16(6). doi:10.1016/j. sapharm.2019.09.056
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16. Hanna LA, Murphy A, Hall M, Craig R. Future Pharmacists’ Opinions on the Facilitation of Self-Care with Over-the-Counter Products and Whether This Should Remain a Core Role. Pharmacy. 2021;9(3). doi:10.3390/pharmacy9030132
17. Hedenrud T, Andersson Sundell K, Martinsson J, Håkonsen H. Attitudes towards sales and use of over-the-counter drugs in Sweden in a reregulated pharmacy market: a population-based study. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2019;27(1). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12457
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19. Kennedy CE, Yeh PT, Gonsalves L, et al. Should oral contraceptive pills be available without a prescription? A systematic review of over-the-counter and pharmacy access availability. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(3). doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001402
20. Langer B, Bull E, Burgsthaler T, Glawe J, Schwobeda M, Simon K. Assessment of counselling for acute diarrhoea in German pharmacies: a simulated patient study. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2018;26(4). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12405
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24. Oinas JP, Wazaify M, Laaksonen R. Preventing the Abuse and Misuse of Over-the-Counter Medicines: A Survey of Community Pharmacists in Finland. Subst Use Misuse. 2024;59(3). doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2275564
25. Read B, McLeod M, Tonkin-Crine S, et al. Changes in public health-seeking behaviours for self-limiting respiratory tract infections across England during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Public Health. 2023;33(6). doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckad136
26. Scuri S, Petrelli F, Tanzi E, Nguyễn TTC, Grappasonni I. European university students of pharmacy: Survey on the use of pharmaceutical drugs. Acta Biomedica. 2019;90(1). doi:10.23750/abm.v90i1.7572
27. Veiga P, Lapão L V., Cavaco AM, Guerreiro MP. Quality supply of nonprescription medicines in Portuguese community pharmacy: An exploratory case study. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2015;11(6). doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2014.12.009
28. Westerlund T, Söderlund LÅ. Role of community pharmacy and pharmacists in self care in Sweden. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. 2023;12. doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100362
29. Zheng Y, Liu J, Tang PK, Hu H, Ung COL. A systematic review of self-medication practice during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for pharmacy practice in supporting public health measures. Front Public Health. 2023;11. doi:10.3389/ fpubh.2023.1184882
30. Amador-Fernández N, Gastelurrutia MÁ, García-Cárdenas V. Development of self-care in Spanish community pharmacies. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. 2023;12. doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100337
31. Perrot S, Cittée J, Louis P, et al. Self-medication in pain management: The state of the art of pharmacists’ role for optimal Over- The-Counter analgesic use. European Journal of Pain (United Kingdom). 2019;23(10). doi:10.1002/ejp.1459
32. Nakhla N, Taylor J. Self-care and minor ailments: The view from Canada. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. 2024;13. doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100412
33. Oleszkiewicz P, Krysinski J, Religioni U, Merks P. Access to medicines via non-pharmacy outlets in european countries—a review of regulations and the influence on the self-medication phenomenon. Healthcare (Switzerland). 2021;9(2). doi:10.3390/ healthcare9020123
34. Panda DS, Alotaibi NH. COVID-19 self-medication treatment: Media’s adverse effect based on people’s level of education. Journal of Emergency Management. 2023;21(7). doi:10.5055/jem.0696
35. Holmström IK, Bastholm-Rahmner P, Bernsten C, Röing M, Björkman I. Swedish teenagers and over-the-counter analgesics - Responsible, casual or careless use. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2014;10(2). doi:10.1016/j. sapharm.2013.06.004
36. Albert SM, Bix L, Bridgeman MM, et al. Promoting safe and effective use of OTC medications: CHPA-GSA national summit. Gerontologist. 2014;54(6). doi:10.1093/geront/gnu034
37. Bedhomme S, Vaillant-Roussel H, Vorilhon P, et al. Pediatric pharmaceutical interventions in self-medication: a descriptive study in community pharmacies. BMC Primary Care. 2023;24(1). doi:10.1186/s12875-023-02180-9
38. Hansen RN, Nørgaard LS, Rossing CV. Danish community pharmacies supporting self-care for patients. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. 2023;12. doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100343
39. Sansgiry S, Bhansali A, Bapat S, Xu Q. Abuse of over-the-counter medicines: a pharmacist’s perspective. Integr Pharm Res Pract. 2016;Volume 6:1-6. doi:10.2147/IPRP.S103494
40. Wiliński J, Lechowicz M, Kameczura T, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol in self-therapy of various disorders in students of different fields of study. Folia Med Cracov. 2015;55(2).
41. Alexa JM, Bertsche T. An online cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists to assess information needs for evidence- based self-medication counselling. Int J Clin Pharm. 2023;45(6). doi:10.1007/s11096-023-01624-7
42. Amador-Fernandez N, Desselle S, García-Cárdenas V, Dineen-Griffin S, Benrimoj SI. Community pharmacy and selfcare provision: An international perspective. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. Published online June 12, 2024:100466. doi:10.1016/J.RCSOP.2024.100466
43. Fielding S, Slovic P, Johnston M, Lee AJ, Bond CM, Watson MC. Public risk perception of non-prescription medicines and information disclosure during consultations: a suitable target for intervention? International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2018;26(5). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12433
44. Collins JC, Schneider CR, Wilson F, de Almeida Neto AC, Moles RJ. Community pharmacy modifications to non-prescription medication requests: A simulated patient study. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2018;14(5). doi:10.1016/j. sapharm.2017.05.007
45. De Bolle L, Mehuys E, Christiaens T, Van Tongelen I, Remon JP, Boussery K. Characterisation of patient encounters in community pharmacies (with special focus on self-medication). International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2015;23(3). doi:10.1111/ ijpp.12138
46. Dineen-Griffin S, Benrimoj SI, Rogers K, Williams KA, Garcia-Cardenas V. Cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating the clinical and humanistic impact of a pharmacist-led minor ailment service. BMJ Qual Saf. 2020;29(11). doi:10.1136/ bmjqs-2019-010608
47. Jerez-Roig J, Medeiros LFB, Silva VAB, et al. Prevalence of Self-Medication and Associated Factors in an Elderly Population: A Systematic Review. Drugs Aging. 2014;31(12). doi:10.1007/s40266-014-0217-x
48. Babiarczyk B, Sternal D. Analysis of self-care strategies among nurses in southern Poland - a cross-sectional survey. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(1):13-25. doi:10.13075/IJOMEH.1896.01802
49. Ngwerume K, Watson M, Bond C, Blenkinsopp A. An evaluation of an intervention designed to improve the evidence-based supply of non-prescription medicines from community pharmacies. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2015;23(2). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12118
50. Piecuch A, Makarewicz-Wujec M, Kozłowska-Wojciechowska M. Improving the provision of OTC medication information in community pharmacies in Poland. Int J Clin Pharm. 2017;39(1):70-77. doi:10.1007/S11096-016-0397-Z
51. Chan V, Tran H. Purchasing Over-the-counter medicines from Australian pharmacy: What do the pharmacy customers value and expect? Pharm Pract (Granada). 2016;14(3). doi:10.18549/PharmPract.2016.03.782
52. Grebenar D, Nham E, Likic R. Factors influencing pharmacists’ over-the-counter drug recommendations. Postgrad Med J. 2020;96(1133). doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136969
53. Hope DL, Woods P, Mey A, et al. Australian pharmacists: ready for increased non-prescription medicines reclassification. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2020;28(3). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12594
54. Inch J, Porteous T, Maskrey V, et al. It’s not what you do it’s the way that it’s measured: quality assessment of minor ailment management in community pharmacies. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2017;25(4). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12305
55. Tan R, Cvetkovski B, Kritikos V, et al. Identifying the hidden burden of allergic rhinitis (AR) in community pharmacy: a global phenomenon. Asthma Res Pract. 2017;3(1). doi:10.1186/s40733-017-0036-z
56. Tan R, Cvetkovski B, Kritikos V, et al. Management of allergic rhinitis in the community pharmacy: Identifying the reasons behind medication self-selection. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2018;16(3). doi:10.18549/PharmPract.2018.03.1332
57. Atkins K, Kennedy CE, Yeh PT, Narasimhan M. Over-the-counter provision of emergency contraceptive pills: A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2022;12(3). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054122
2. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Medicines: reclassify your product - GOV.UK. 2014. Accessed October 24, 2024.
3. The Human Medicines Regulations 2012. Accessed January 17, 2025.
4. FAQ: self-selection and open display of Pharmacy medicines | General Pharmaceutical Council. General Pharmaceutical Council. Accessed June 25, 2025.
5. Oyebode F. Clinical Errors and Medical Negligence. Medical Principles and Practice. 2013;22(4):323. doi:10.1159/000346296
6. More than 90% of pharmacists oppose self-selection of P medicines, says PDA. Pharmaceutical Journal. Published online 2025. doi:10.1211/PJ.2025.1.346692
7. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):1-11. doi:10.1186/S13643-021-01626-4/FIGURES/1 8. van Eikenhorst L, Salema NE, Anderson C. A systematic review in select countries of the role of the pharmacist in consultations and sales of non-prescription medicines in community pharmacy. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2017;13(1). doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.02.010
9. Search | Mendeley. Accessed January 7, 2025.
10. Adis Medical Writers. The use of over-the-counter medications to treat influenza symptoms may help mitigate the socioeconomic burden of the disease. Drugs and Therapy Perspectives. 2015;31(7). doi:10.1007/s40267-015-0202-4
11. Bell J, Dziekan G, Pollack C, Mahachai V. Self-Care in the Twenty First Century: A Vital Role for the Pharmacist. Adv Ther. 2016;33(10). doi:10.1007/s12325-016-0395-5
12. Bertsche T, Maria Alexa J, Eickhoff C, Schulz M. Self-care and self-medication as central components of healthcare in Germany – on the way to evidence-based pharmacy. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. 2023;9. doi:10.1016/j. rcsop.2023.100257
13. Bowman C, Family H, Agius-Muscat H, Cordina M, Sutton J. Consumer internet purchasing of medicines using a population sample: A mixed methodology approach. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2020;16(6). doi:10.1016/j. sapharm.2019.09.056
14. Catlin JR, Brass EP. The Effectiveness of Nonprescription Drug Labels in the United States: Insights from Recent Research and Opportunities for the Future. Pharmacy. 2018;6(4). doi:10.3390/pharmacy6040119
15. Gruchala K, Zimmermann A, Kawczak P. RX-TO-OTC switch and double registration occurrence in Poland--an illuminative case study - PubMed. 2016. Accessed October 10, 2024.
16. Hanna LA, Murphy A, Hall M, Craig R. Future Pharmacists’ Opinions on the Facilitation of Self-Care with Over-the-Counter Products and Whether This Should Remain a Core Role. Pharmacy. 2021;9(3). doi:10.3390/pharmacy9030132
17. Hedenrud T, Andersson Sundell K, Martinsson J, Håkonsen H. Attitudes towards sales and use of over-the-counter drugs in Sweden in a reregulated pharmacy market: a population-based study. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2019;27(1). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12457
18. Kamekis A, Symvoulakis E, Papadakis N, Zoras O, Lionis C. Over-the-counter medicines, economic conditions, and citizens most in need in Greece: Is it a challenge for primary care research? Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2020;12(12). doi:10.1016/j. cptl.2020.07.010
19. Kennedy CE, Yeh PT, Gonsalves L, et al. Should oral contraceptive pills be available without a prescription? A systematic review of over-the-counter and pharmacy access availability. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(3). doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001402
20. Langer B, Bull E, Burgsthaler T, Glawe J, Schwobeda M, Simon K. Assessment of counselling for acute diarrhoea in German pharmacies: a simulated patient study. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2018;26(4). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12405
21. Lasota D, Mirowska-Guzel D, Goniewicz M. The Over-the-Counter Medicines Market in Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(24). doi:10.3390/IJERPH192417022
22. Lind J, Schafheutle E, Hägg AN, Sporrong SK. General sale of non-prescription medicinal products: Comparing legislation in two European countries. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2016;12(1). doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.03.002
23. Nakhla N, Houle SKD, Richard F, Taylor J. Survey of community pharmacists’ opinions on drug scheduling in Ontario and Québec. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2024;17(1). doi:10.1080/20523211.2024.2385936
24. Oinas JP, Wazaify M, Laaksonen R. Preventing the Abuse and Misuse of Over-the-Counter Medicines: A Survey of Community Pharmacists in Finland. Subst Use Misuse. 2024;59(3). doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2275564
25. Read B, McLeod M, Tonkin-Crine S, et al. Changes in public health-seeking behaviours for self-limiting respiratory tract infections across England during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Public Health. 2023;33(6). doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckad136
26. Scuri S, Petrelli F, Tanzi E, Nguyễn TTC, Grappasonni I. European university students of pharmacy: Survey on the use of pharmaceutical drugs. Acta Biomedica. 2019;90(1). doi:10.23750/abm.v90i1.7572
27. Veiga P, Lapão L V., Cavaco AM, Guerreiro MP. Quality supply of nonprescription medicines in Portuguese community pharmacy: An exploratory case study. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2015;11(6). doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2014.12.009
28. Westerlund T, Söderlund LÅ. Role of community pharmacy and pharmacists in self care in Sweden. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. 2023;12. doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100362
29. Zheng Y, Liu J, Tang PK, Hu H, Ung COL. A systematic review of self-medication practice during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for pharmacy practice in supporting public health measures. Front Public Health. 2023;11. doi:10.3389/ fpubh.2023.1184882
30. Amador-Fernández N, Gastelurrutia MÁ, García-Cárdenas V. Development of self-care in Spanish community pharmacies. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. 2023;12. doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100337
31. Perrot S, Cittée J, Louis P, et al. Self-medication in pain management: The state of the art of pharmacists’ role for optimal Over- The-Counter analgesic use. European Journal of Pain (United Kingdom). 2019;23(10). doi:10.1002/ejp.1459
32. Nakhla N, Taylor J. Self-care and minor ailments: The view from Canada. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. 2024;13. doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100412
33. Oleszkiewicz P, Krysinski J, Religioni U, Merks P. Access to medicines via non-pharmacy outlets in european countries—a review of regulations and the influence on the self-medication phenomenon. Healthcare (Switzerland). 2021;9(2). doi:10.3390/ healthcare9020123
34. Panda DS, Alotaibi NH. COVID-19 self-medication treatment: Media’s adverse effect based on people’s level of education. Journal of Emergency Management. 2023;21(7). doi:10.5055/jem.0696
35. Holmström IK, Bastholm-Rahmner P, Bernsten C, Röing M, Björkman I. Swedish teenagers and over-the-counter analgesics - Responsible, casual or careless use. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2014;10(2). doi:10.1016/j. sapharm.2013.06.004
36. Albert SM, Bix L, Bridgeman MM, et al. Promoting safe and effective use of OTC medications: CHPA-GSA national summit. Gerontologist. 2014;54(6). doi:10.1093/geront/gnu034
37. Bedhomme S, Vaillant-Roussel H, Vorilhon P, et al. Pediatric pharmaceutical interventions in self-medication: a descriptive study in community pharmacies. BMC Primary Care. 2023;24(1). doi:10.1186/s12875-023-02180-9
38. Hansen RN, Nørgaard LS, Rossing CV. Danish community pharmacies supporting self-care for patients. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. 2023;12. doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100343
39. Sansgiry S, Bhansali A, Bapat S, Xu Q. Abuse of over-the-counter medicines: a pharmacist’s perspective. Integr Pharm Res Pract. 2016;Volume 6:1-6. doi:10.2147/IPRP.S103494
40. Wiliński J, Lechowicz M, Kameczura T, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol in self-therapy of various disorders in students of different fields of study. Folia Med Cracov. 2015;55(2).
41. Alexa JM, Bertsche T. An online cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists to assess information needs for evidence- based self-medication counselling. Int J Clin Pharm. 2023;45(6). doi:10.1007/s11096-023-01624-7
42. Amador-Fernandez N, Desselle S, García-Cárdenas V, Dineen-Griffin S, Benrimoj SI. Community pharmacy and selfcare provision: An international perspective. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. Published online June 12, 2024:100466. doi:10.1016/J.RCSOP.2024.100466
43. Fielding S, Slovic P, Johnston M, Lee AJ, Bond CM, Watson MC. Public risk perception of non-prescription medicines and information disclosure during consultations: a suitable target for intervention? International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2018;26(5). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12433
44. Collins JC, Schneider CR, Wilson F, de Almeida Neto AC, Moles RJ. Community pharmacy modifications to non-prescription medication requests: A simulated patient study. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2018;14(5). doi:10.1016/j. sapharm.2017.05.007
45. De Bolle L, Mehuys E, Christiaens T, Van Tongelen I, Remon JP, Boussery K. Characterisation of patient encounters in community pharmacies (with special focus on self-medication). International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2015;23(3). doi:10.1111/ ijpp.12138
46. Dineen-Griffin S, Benrimoj SI, Rogers K, Williams KA, Garcia-Cardenas V. Cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating the clinical and humanistic impact of a pharmacist-led minor ailment service. BMJ Qual Saf. 2020;29(11). doi:10.1136/ bmjqs-2019-010608
47. Jerez-Roig J, Medeiros LFB, Silva VAB, et al. Prevalence of Self-Medication and Associated Factors in an Elderly Population: A Systematic Review. Drugs Aging. 2014;31(12). doi:10.1007/s40266-014-0217-x
48. Babiarczyk B, Sternal D. Analysis of self-care strategies among nurses in southern Poland - a cross-sectional survey. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(1):13-25. doi:10.13075/IJOMEH.1896.01802
49. Ngwerume K, Watson M, Bond C, Blenkinsopp A. An evaluation of an intervention designed to improve the evidence-based supply of non-prescription medicines from community pharmacies. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2015;23(2). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12118
50. Piecuch A, Makarewicz-Wujec M, Kozłowska-Wojciechowska M. Improving the provision of OTC medication information in community pharmacies in Poland. Int J Clin Pharm. 2017;39(1):70-77. doi:10.1007/S11096-016-0397-Z
51. Chan V, Tran H. Purchasing Over-the-counter medicines from Australian pharmacy: What do the pharmacy customers value and expect? Pharm Pract (Granada). 2016;14(3). doi:10.18549/PharmPract.2016.03.782
52. Grebenar D, Nham E, Likic R. Factors influencing pharmacists’ over-the-counter drug recommendations. Postgrad Med J. 2020;96(1133). doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136969
53. Hope DL, Woods P, Mey A, et al. Australian pharmacists: ready for increased non-prescription medicines reclassification. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2020;28(3). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12594
54. Inch J, Porteous T, Maskrey V, et al. It’s not what you do it’s the way that it’s measured: quality assessment of minor ailment management in community pharmacies. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2017;25(4). doi:10.1111/ijpp.12305
55. Tan R, Cvetkovski B, Kritikos V, et al. Identifying the hidden burden of allergic rhinitis (AR) in community pharmacy: a global phenomenon. Asthma Res Pract. 2017;3(1). doi:10.1186/s40733-017-0036-z
56. Tan R, Cvetkovski B, Kritikos V, et al. Management of allergic rhinitis in the community pharmacy: Identifying the reasons behind medication self-selection. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2018;16(3). doi:10.18549/PharmPract.2018.03.1332
57. Atkins K, Kennedy CE, Yeh PT, Narasimhan M. Over-the-counter provision of emergency contraceptive pills: A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2022;12(3). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054122
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The risks and benefits associated with the self-selection of pharmacy medicines (PMEDs): A rapid systematic review. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2026 Jun. 20 [cited 2026 Jun. 21];24(2):1-27. Available from: https://www.pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/3479
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How to Cite
1.
The risks and benefits associated with the self-selection of pharmacy medicines (PMEDs): A rapid systematic review. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2026 Jun. 20 [cited 2026 Jun. 21];24(2):1-27. Available from: https://www.pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/3479