Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Competency Assessment in Jordanian Pharmacy Programs: A Vision for the Future
Main Article Content
Keywords
Artificial intelligence, competency-based assessment, pharmacy education, Jordan, educational technology, adaptive learning, simulation
Abstract
Background: The evolution of pharmacy education to competency-based education (CBE) demands novel assessment tools that are objective, prompt and scalable. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is considered a disruptive power in medical education worldwide, but its penetration in Jordanian pharmacy education is unassessed. Objective: To model the integration and impact of AI-enhanced competency assessment instruments in the education of pharmacy at a university and its college. Methods: Mixed-methods design was utilized. A virtual cohort of 200 students was used to simulate AI-proctored examinations at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University. Simulation results consisted of diagnostic accuracy, feedback quality, faculty burden, and student/faculty impressions. From the hypothetical focus group simulations, qualitative data was synthesized. Results: Simulated AI evaluations were more accurate than traditional evaluations diagnostically above threshold levels at 94% versus 76%, respectively, as well as provided immediate feedback and resulted in a 70% reduction in faculty time for grading. Students expressed relatively high levels of satisfaction with AI feedback clarity (4.6/5) and fairness (4.7/5). Faculty reported increased congruence with curriculum objectives and augmentation of personalized teaching. Conclusion: AI-based assessment systems had potential to enhance competency tracking, support high-quality feedback and be time efficient within Jordanian pharmacy education. A staged approach to real-world implementation is advised, along with training of stakeholders and regulatory support.
References
2. Laurence L. Brunton RH-D, Bjorn C. Knollmann. Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th Edition: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.
3. Brayfield A. Martindale, The Complete Drug Reference 38th Edition: Pharmaceutical Press; 2014.
4. Rybak MJ, Lomaestro BM, Rotschafer JC, Moellering RC, Jr., Craig WA, Billeter M, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of van- comycin in adults summary of consensus recommendations from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(11):1275-9.
5. James M. Ritter RF, Graeme Henderson, Yoon Kong Loke, David MacEwan, Humphrey P. Rang. Rang and Dale’s Pharma- cology 9th Edition: Elsevier Ltd.; 2020.
6. Schäfer M, Schneider TR, Sheldrick GM. Crystal structure of vancomycin. Structure. 1996;4(12):1509-15.
7. Levine DP. Vancomycin: a history. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42 Suppl 1:S5-12.
8. Moellering RC, Jr. Vancomycin: a 50-year reassessment. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42 Suppl 1:S3-4.
9. Vandecasteele SJ, Boelaert JR, De Vriese AS. Staphylococcus aureus infections in hemodialysis: what a nephrologist should know. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(8):1388-400.
10. Kan WC, Chen YC, Wu VC, Shiao CC. Vancomycin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review from Pathophysiolo- gy to Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(4).
11. Ye ZK, Li C, Zhai SD. Guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99044.
12. Rybak MJ. The Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Vancomycin. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2006;42(Supplement_1):S35-S9.
13. Matzke GR, Zhanel GG, Guay DR. Clinical pharmacokinetics of vancomycin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1986;11(4):257-82.
14. Bauer LA. Applied Clinical Pharmacokinetics 3rd Edition: Mc Graw Hill Education; 2014.
15. Rybak MJ, Le J, Lodise TP, Levine DP, Bradley JS, Liu C, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methi- cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: A revised consensus guideline and review by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020;77(11):835-64.
16. Patel N, Pai MP, Rodvold KA, Lomaestro B, Drusano GL, Lodise TP. Vancomycin: we can’t get there from here. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(8):969-74.
17. Pai MP, Neely M, Rodvold KA, Lodise TP. Innovative approaches to optimizing the delivery of vancomycin in individual patients. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2014;77:50-7.
18. Heil EL, Claeys KC, Mynatt RP, Hopkins TL, Brade K, Watt I, et al. Making the change to area under the curve-based vanco- mycin dosing. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(24):1986-95.
19. Belavagi D, Bhandari RK, Shafiq N, Gota V, Patil A, Pandey AK, et al. A study to explore the appropriateness of dosing reg- imen of vancomycin in critically ill patients in a tertiary care unit of India. Germs. 2022;12(2):238-52.
20. Mali NB, Deshpande SP, Wandalkar PP, Gupta VA, Karnik ND, Gogtay NJ, et al. Single-dose and Steady-state Pharmaco- kinetics of Vancomycin in Critically Ill Patients Admitted to Medical Intensive Care Unit of India. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2019;23(11):513-7.
21. Shahrami B, Najmeddin F, Mousavi S, Ahmadi A, Rouini MR, Sadeghi K, et al. Achievement of Vancomycin Therapeutic Goals in Critically Ill Patients: Early Individualization May Be Beneficial. Crit Care Res Pract. 2016;2016:1245815.
22. Al-Sulaiti FK, Nader AM, Saad MO, Shaukat A, Parakadavathu R, Elzubair A, et al. Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Outcomes of Peak-Trough-Based Versus Trough-Based Vancomycin Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Approaches: A Pragmatic Random- ized Controlled Trial. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2019;44(5):639-52.
23. Roy AK, Mc Gorrian C, Treacy C, Kavanaugh E, Brennan A, Mahon NG, et al. A Comparison of Traditional and Novel Defi- nitions (RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO) of Acute Kidney Injury for the Prediction of Outcomes in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2013;3(1):26-37.
24. Aljefri DM, Avedissian SN, Rhodes NJ, Postelnick MJ, Nguyen K, Scheetz MH. Vancomycin Area Under the Curve and Acute Kidney Injury: A Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(11):1881-7.
25. Suzuki Y, Kawasaki K, Sato Y, Tokimatsu I, Itoh H, Hiramatsu K, et al. Is peak concentration needed in therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin? A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis in patients with methicillin-resistant staphylo- coccus aureus pneumonia. Chemotherapy. 2012;58(4):308-12.
26. Lodise TP, Patel N, Lomaestro BM, Rodvold KA, Drusano GL. Relationship between initial vancomycin concentration-time profile and nephrotoxicity among hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(4):507-14.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.