Prevalence and factors associated with self-medication for COVID-19 prevention using disproven drugs in Peru: a cross-sectional nationwide study
Main Article Content
Keywords
COVID-19, Self Medication, Cross-Sectional Studies, Nonprescription Drugs
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with the use of drugs without evidence for the prevention of COVID-19 in Peruvians without symptoms or diagnosis, using the National Household Survey (ENAHO) 2021. Methods: A secondary analysis was made of the ENAHO 2021. We evaluated participants older than 18 years who did not undergo any test to diagnose COVID-19 and used any drug to prevent COVID-19. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) were estimated to determine the associated factors. Results: Among the 69,815 participants analyzed, the prevalence of taking a drug 4 weeks prior to the survey was 5.64%. Factors associated with drug consumption were: age 30-59 years (aPR 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.32-1.65); having a higher education (aPR 1.73; 95% CI:1.28-2.33); having a chronic disease (aPR 1.40; 95% CI: 1.26-1.56); not having poverty status (aPR 1.40; 95% CI: 1.26-1.56); living in an urban area (aPR 1.61; 95% CI: 1.31-1.99). Meanwhile, living in the highlands (aPR 0.77; 95% CI: 0.60-0.97) and not having a landline, cell phone, television or internet at home (aPR 0.65; 95% CI: 0.43-0.98) were protective factors from unnecessary drug consumption. Conclusion: It is concerning that even after one year of living with the pandemic and having refuted the utility of medications such as ivermectin and azithromycin, these drugs are still widely consumed by a sector of the population without symptoms or a diagnosis of COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate and implement public health measures that address this problem, taking into account the associated factors to reduce this consumption.
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13. Barros-Sevillano JS, Sandoval CP, Alcarraz-Mundial LS, et al. Automedicación en tiempos de COVID-19. Una perspectiva desde Perú. Gac Médica México 2021;157(1):122.
.
14. Ballena CL, Cabrejos L, Dávila Y, et al. Impacto del confinamiento por COVID-19 en la calidad de vida y salud mental. Rev Cuerpo Méd Hosp Nac Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo. 2021;14(1):87-9.
15. Navarrete-Mejía PJ, Velasco-Guerrero JC, Loro-Chero L. Automedicación en época de pandemia: Covid-19. Rev Cuerpo Méd Hosp Nac Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo. 2020;13(4):350-5.
16. Ayosanmi OS, Alli BY, Akingbule OA, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Self-Medication Practices for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics. 2022;11(6):808.
17. Quincho-Lopez A, Benites-Ibarra CA, Hilario-Gomez MM, et al. Self-medication practices to prevent or manage COVID-19: A systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(11):e0259317.
18. Shrestha AB, Aryal M, Magar JR, et al. The scenario of self-medication practices during the covid-19 pandemic; a systematic review. Ann Med Surg. 2022;82:104482.
19. Fernandez-Guzman D, Soriano-Moreno DR, Ccami-Bernal F, et al. Factors associated with prevention practices against COVID-19 in the Peruvian population: Disparities between rural and urban areas. PLOS ONE. 2022;17(5):e0267625.
20. Quispe-Cañari JF, Fidel-Rosales E, Manrique D, et al. Self-medication practices during the COVID-19 pandemic among the adult population in Peru: A cross-sectional survey. Saudi Pharm J. 2021;29(1):1-11.
21. Mostajo-Radji MA. Pseudoscience in the Times of Crisis: How and Why Chlorine Dioxide Consumption Became Popular in Latin America During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Polit Sci [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Mar 4];3. Available from: https://www. frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2021.621370
22. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Ficha Técnica “Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2021” [Internet]. INEI; 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 17]. Available from: http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/iinei/srienaho/Descarga/DocumentosMetodologicos/2021-55/2_ FichaTecnica.pdf
23. Arias F, Izquierdo-Condoy JS, Naranjo-Lara P, et al. A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Self-Medication Patterns during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ecuador. Medicina (Mex). 2022;58(11):1678.
24. Chaudhry B, Azhar S, Jamshed S, et al. Factors Associated with Self-Medication during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross- Sectional Study in Pakistan. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;7(11):330.
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27. Hughes CM, McElnay JC, Fleming GF. Benefits and Risks of Self Medication. Drug Saf. 2001;24(14):1027-37.
28. Molento MB. Ivermectin against COVID-19: The unprecedented consequences in Latin America. One Health. 2021;13:100250.
29. Montastruc JL, Bondon-Guitton E, Abadie D, et al. Pharmacovigilance, risks and adverse effects of self-medication. Therapies. 2016;71(2):257-62.
30. Khoshbakht R, Kabiri M, Neshani A, et al. Assessment of antibiotic resistance changes during the Covid-19 pandemic in northeast of Iran during 2020-2022: an epidemiological study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;11(1):121.
31. Toro-Alzate L, Hofstraat K, de Vries DH. The Pandemic beyond the Pandemic: A Scoping Review on the Social Relationships between COVID-19 and Antimicrobial Resistance. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(16):8766.
32. Jansen T, Rademakers J, Waverijn G, et al. The role of health literacy in explaining the association between educational attainment and the use of out-of-hours primary care services in chronically ill people: a survey study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):394.
33. OECD. Paid sick leave to protect income, health and jobs through the COVID-19 crisis [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Mar 4]. Available from: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=134_134797-9iq8w1fnju&title=Paid-sick-leave-to-protect-income- health-and-jobs-through-the-COVID-19-crisis
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Prevalence and factors associated with self-medication for COVID-19 prevention using disproven drugs in Peru: a cross-sectional nationwide study. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2024 Jan. 4 [cited 2025 Jan. 22];21(4):1-10. Available from: https://www.pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2877
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How to Cite
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Prevalence and factors associated with self-medication for COVID-19 prevention using disproven drugs in Peru: a cross-sectional nationwide study. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2024 Jan. 4 [cited 2025 Jan. 22];21(4):1-10. Available from: https://www.pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2877