Factors associated with quality of life among community pharmacists in Lebanon: results of a cross-sectional study
Main Article Content
Keywords
Quality of Life, Burnout, Professional, Fatigue, Depression, Pharmacies, Pharmacists, Risk Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Surveys and Questionnaires, Lebanon
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the quality of life and the factors associated with it among community pharmacists in Lebanon.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out between March and July 2018, enrolling 435 pharmacists, using a proportionate random sample of community pharmacies from all districts of Lebanon. The validated Arabic translation of the Short-Form 12 (SF12v2) was used to derive 2 summary scores: physical and mental component summaries (PCS and MCS).
Results: Lebanese community pharmacists scored a mean PCS-12 and MCS-12 of 48.9 (SD 7.1) and 48.8 (SD 8.5), respectively. Higher age (Beta= -0.08), having a PhD degree (Beta= -4.54), higher depression score (Beta= -0.25), higher emotional work fatigue (Beta= -0.13) and higher physical work fatigue (Beta=-0.14) were significantly associated with lower physical QoL (lower PCS-12 scores).
Increased stress (Beta= -0.17), higher insomnia (Beta= -0.21), higher depression (Beta= -0.2) and working for over 40 hours per week (Beta= -0.2) were significantly associated with lower mental QoL (lower mental MCS-12 scores).
Conclusions: Our research has found a strong correlation between quality of life and psychological factors, including stress, burnout, insomnia, and depression among community pharmacists.
References
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3. Al-Arifi MN. Patients’ perception, views and satisfaction with pharmacists’ role as health care provider in community pharmacy setting at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J. 2012;20(4):323-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2012.05.007
4. Mott DA, Doucette WR, Gaither CA, Pedersen CA, Schommer JC. Pharmacists' attitudes toward worklife: results from a national survey of pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2004;44(3):326-336. https://doi.org/10.1331/154434504323063968
5. Majd M, Hashemian F, Younesi Sisi F, Jalal M, Majd Z. Quality of Life and Job Satisfaction of Dispensing Pharmacists Practicing in Tehran Private-sector Pharmacies. Iran J Pharm Res. 2012;11(4):1039-1044.
6. Ahmad A, Khan MU, Elkalmi RM, Jamshed SQ, Nagappa AN, Patel I, Balkrishnan R. Job satisfaction among Indian pharmacists: an exploration of affecting variables and suggestions for improvement in pharmacist role. Indian J Pharm Educ Res. 2016;50(1):9-16. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.50.1.2
7. Balkhi B, Alghamdi A, Alshehri N, Alshehri A. Assessment of job satisfaction among hospital pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. IOSR J Pharm. 2017;7(5):34-40.
8. Armstrong M. A handbook of human resource management practice. London: Kogan Page Publishers; 2006.
9. Balayssac D, Pereira B, Virot J, Lambert C, Collin A, Alapini D, Gagnaire JM, Authier N, Cuny D, Vennat B. Work-related stress, associated comorbidities and stress causes in French community pharmacies: a nationwide cross-sectional study. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3973. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3973
10. Salameh P, Hamdan I. Pharmacy manpower in Lebanon: An exploratory look at work-related satisfaction. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2007;3(3):336-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2006.09.003
11. Antoun RB, Salameh P. [Satisfaction of pharmacists in Lebanon and the prospect for clinical pharmacy]. East Mediterr Health J. 2009;15(6):1553-1563.
12. Choueiry G, Hallit S, Salameh P. Analysis of Cost and Content of 1326 Medical Prescriptions from the Area of Mount Lebanon. Res Rev. 2017;6(3):10-17.
13. Hallit S, Zeenny RM, Sili G, Salameh P. Situation analysis of community pharmacy owners in Lebanon. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2017;15(1):853. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2017.01.853
14. McCann L, Hughes CM, Adair CG, Cardwell C. Assessing job satisfaction and stress among pharmacists in Northern Ireland. Pharm World Sci. 2009;31(2):188-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-008-9277-5
15. Sabbah I, Drouby N, Sabbah S, Retel-Rude N, Mercier M. Quality of life in rural and urban populations in Lebanon using SF-36 health survey. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-30
16. Frone MR, Tidwell MO. The meaning and measurement of work fatigue: Development and evaluation of the Three-Dimensional Work Fatigue Inventory (3D-WFI). J Occup Health Psychol. 2015;20(3):273-288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038700
17. Obeid S, Abi Elias Hallit C, Haddad C, Hany Z, Hallit S. Validation of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and sociodemographic factors associated with Lebanese depressed patients. Encephale. 2018;44(5):397-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2017.10.010
18. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56-62. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56
19. Barbour B, Saadeh N, Salameh PR. Psychological distress in Lebanese young adults: constructing the screening tool ‘BDS-22’. Int J Cult Mental Health. 2012;5(2):94-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2011.563043
20. Pancorbo G, Laros JA. Validity evidence of the Social and Emotional Nationwide Assessment (SENNA) inventory. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto). 2017;27(68):339-347. http://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272768201712
21. Reilly M, Bracco A, Ricci JF, Santoro J, Stevens T. The validity and accuracy of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire–irritable bowel syndrome version (WPAI: IBS). Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(4):459-467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02091.x
22. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186-3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
23. Beaton D, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Recommendations for the cross-cultural adaptation of health status measures. New York: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2002.
24. Al-Bannay H, Jarus T, Jongbloed L, Yazigi M, Dean E. Culture as a variable in health research: perspectives and caveats. Health Promot Int. 2014;29(3):549-557. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dat002
25. Antunes B, Daveson B, Ramsenthaler C, Benalia H, Ferreira P, Bausewein C, Higginson IJ. The Palliative care Outcome Scale (POS) Manual for cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation. London: Cicely Saunders Institute. 2012.
26. Weidmer B. Issues and guidelines for translation in cross-cultural research. In: Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Section on Survey Research Methods. 49th, American Association for Public Opinion Research. Danvers, 1994.
27. Maneesriwongul W, Dixon JK. Instrument translation process: a methods review. J Adv Nurs. 2004;48(2):175-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03185.x
28. Nejjari C, El Fakir S, Bendahhou K, El Rhazi K, Abda N, Zidouh A, Benider A, Errihani H, Bekkali R. Translation and validation of European organization for research and treatment of cancer quality of life Questionnaire-C30 into Moroccan version for cancer patients in Morocco. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:228. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-228
29. Calgan Z, Aslan D, Yegenoglu S. Community pharmacists' burnout levels and related factors: an example from Turkey. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33(1):92-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-010-9461-2
30. World Health Organization. Active Ageing: A Policy Framework. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/who_nmh_nph_02.8.pdf (accessed Jul 4, 2019).
31. Hunger M, Thorand B, Schunk M, Doring A, Menn P, Peters A, Holle R. Multimorbidity and health-related quality of life in the older population: results from the German KORA-age study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:53. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-9-53
32. Parker L, Moran GM, Roberts LM, Calvert M, McCahon D. The burden of common chronic disease on health-related quality of life in an elderly community-dwelling population in the UK. Fam Pract. 2014;31(5):557-563. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmu035
33. Low G, Molzahn AE, Schopflocher D. Attitudes to aging mediate the relationship between older peoples' subjective health and quality of life in 20 countries. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:146. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-146
34. Raggi A, Corso B, Minicuci N, Quintas R, Sattin D, De Torres L, et al. Determinants of Quality of Life in Ageing Populations: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in Finland, Poland and Spain. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0159293. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159293
35. Chia EM, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, Smith W, Cumming RR, Mitchell P. Impact of bilateral visual impairment on health-related quality of life: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45(1):71-76. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.03-0661
36. Lopez D, McCaul KA, Hankey GJ, Norman PE, Almeida OP, Dobson AJ, Byles JE, Yeap BB, Flicker L. Falls, injuries from falls, health related quality of life and mortality in older adults with vision and hearing impairment--is there a gender difference? Maturitas. 2011;69(4):359-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.05.006
37. Bookwala J. Marital quality as a moderator of the effects of poor vision on quality of life among older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2011;66(5):605-616. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr091
38. Netuveli G, Wiggins RD, Hildon Z, Montgomery SM, Blane D. Quality of life at older ages: evidence from the English longitudinal study of aging (wave 1). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(4):357-363. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.040071
39. Han KT, Park EC, Kim JH, Kim SJ, Park S. Is marital status associated with quality of life? Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12:109. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-014-0109-0
40. Georgellis Y, Tsitsianis N, Yin YP. Personal values as mitigating factors in the link between income and life satisfaction: Evidence from the European Social Survey. Soc Indicators Res. 2009;91(3):329-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9344-2
41. Mielck A, Vogelmann M, Leidl R. Health-related quality of life and socioeconomic status: inequalities among adults with a chronic disease. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12:58. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-12-58
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Factors associated with quality of life among community pharmacists in Lebanon: results of a cross-sectional study. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2019 Oct. 28 [cited 2024 Oct. 4];17(4):1613. Available from: https://www.pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/1613
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How to Cite
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Factors associated with quality of life among community pharmacists in Lebanon: results of a cross-sectional study. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2019 Oct. 28 [cited 2024 Oct. 4];17(4):1613. Available from: https://www.pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/1613